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Stith Thompson Motif Index
About this index and how to read it
Stith Thompson's Motif-Index of Folk-Literature classifies recurring narrative elements in folktales, myths, legends, ballads and related traditional narratives. Each entry below gives Thompson's motif reference and the description recorded in the index.
The index is large, so this browser displays 250 entries per page. You can search by motif reference or by words in the description, restrict the results to one of Thompson's main letter categories, and click motif references mentioned inside descriptions to follow cross-references. Individual motif pages also show any ATU tale types whose concordance explicitly cites that Thompson reference.
All
A
Mythological Motifs
B
Animal Motifs
C
Motifs of Tabu
D
Magic
E
The Dead
F
Marvels
G
Ogres
H
Tests
J
The Wise and the Foolish
K
Deceptions
L
Reversals of Fortune
M
Ordaining the Future
N
Chance and Fate
P
Society
Q
Rewards and Punishments
R
Captives and Fugitives
S
Unnatural Cruelty
T
Sex
U
The Nature of Life
V
Religion
W
Traits of Character
X
Humor
Z
Miscellaneous Groups of Motifs
| Thompson reference ▲ | Description |
|---|---|
| A474.1.1 | Goddess of youth. Icel.: MacCulloch Eddic 178 (Idunn); Greek: Fox 240. |
| A474.2 | God (goddess) of longevity. Chinese: Werner 171, 214, Ferguson 81; Japanese: Anesaki 280. |
| A475 | God of love. Krappe "Diarmuid and Grainne" FL XLVII (1936) 347—361.—Irish myth: Cross; Hindu: Keith 141; Penzer X 163 s.v. "God of Love"; Greek: Roscher I 1339 s.v. "Eros". |
| A475.0.1 | Cupid with arrows of lead and gold. *Reinhard PMLA XXXVIII 438 n. 42. |
| A475.0.2 | Marriage-god. India: *Thompson-Balys. |
| A475.1 | Goddess of love. Krappe "The Bearded Venus" FL LVI (1945) 325—335.—Irish myth: Cross; Greek: Fox 198, Grote I 5; Norse: MacCulloch Eddic 120 (Freya); Armenian: Ananikian 24f., 38f.; Babylonia: Spence 124.—Hawaii: Beckwith Myth 185, 186; Aztec: Alexander Lat. Am. 78; S. Am. Indian (Chibcha): Kroeber BBAE CXLIII (2) 908. |
| A475.1.1 | Goddess of love with thousand faces. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A475.1.1.1 | Goddess of thousand eyes discovered by lousing. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A476 | Goddess of chastity. Greek: Fox 185; Icel.: Boberg. |
| A477 | Goddess of childbirth. *Ploss Das Kind I 18ff.; Penzer I 272.—Greek: Fox 164, 167, 185.; Finno-Ugric: *Holmberg Finno-Ugric 252ff.; Armenian: Ananikian 25; Siberian: Holmberg Siberian 414.—India: Thompson-Balys.—Hawaii: Beckwith Myth 285. |
| A477.1 | Goddess of cradle. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A478 | God of disease. |
| A478.1 | Goddess of pestilence. *Krappe "Artemis Mysia" Classical Philology XXXIX (1944) 178—183.—Hindu: Penzer I 147. |
| A478.2 | God (goddess) of smallpox. India: *Thompson-Balys; Korean: Zong in-Sob 57 No. 32. |
| A478.3 | God (goddess) of cholera. India: *Thompson-Balys. |
| A478.4 | God of fevers. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A478.5 | Devil of leprosy. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A478.6 | Angel (demon) of blindness. Jewish: Neuman. |
| A481 | God of intoxication (or of wine). W. F. Otto, Dionysos: Mythos und Kultus (Frankfurt a. M. 1933).—Greek: Fox 219; Hindu: Keith 46; India: Thompson-Balys.—S. Am. Indian (Chibcha): Kroeber BBAE CXLIII (2) 908. |
| A482 | God of gambling (luck). Hindu: Penzer IV 240 n. 1. |
| A482.1 | Goddess of ill-luck. Hindu: Penzer VI 106; India: *Thompson-Balys. |
| A482.1.1 | Spirit of ill-luck a son of a god. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A482.2 | Goddess of good luck (Lakshmi). India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A483 | God of mercy. Jewish: Neuman. |
| A483.0.1 | Angel of mercy. Jewish: Neuman. |
| A483.1 | Goddess of mercy. Chinese: Werner 251. |
| A484 | God of oaths. |
| A484.1 | Goddess of oaths. Icel.: MacCulloch Eddic 186 (Vár). |
| A485 | God of war. *H. Lommel Der arische Kriegsgott (Frankfurt a. M. 1939). —Irish myth: Cross; Greek: Fox 189; Norse: MacCulloch Eddic 40, 55 (Odin), 98 (Tyr); Armenian: Ananikian 42; Hindu: Penzer VII 137, VIII 180; Chinese: Ferguson 95; Babylonian: Spence 106ff.; Jewish: Neuman.—Aztec: Alexander Lat. Am. 58; Maya: ibid. 139.—Tahiti: Henry 120; Maori: Clark 14; Marquesas: Handy 110; Hawaii: Beckwith Myth 15. |
| A485.1 | Goddess of war. Gaster Thespis 136; Irish myth: Cross; Roman: Frazer Ovid IV 151ff.; Assyrian: Spence 213; India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A485.2 | Valkyries (shield-maidens). Demigoddesses who attend battle. —*Handwb. d. Abergl. IX Nachträge 240ff; **Golther "Der Valkyrenmythus" Abhandl. d. Akad. d. Wiss. (München), 1. Kl., XVIII, Abt. 2, 401ff.; *Krappe Modern Language Review XXI 55 ff.; *Hertz Aus Dichtung und Sage 31ff.—Irish myth: Cross; Norse: De la Saussaye 304ff., MacCulloch Eddic 248ff., 259, 283—84, 314, Penzer X 345 s.v. "Valkyries". |
| A485.3 | God of single-combats. Norse: MacCulloch Eddic 156 (Ullr). |
| A486 | The Furies. Goddesses of vengeance.—Greek: Fox 275, Frazer Apollodorus I 5 n. 4; India: Thompson-Balys.—Hawaii: Beckwith Myth 115. |
| A487 | God of death. *Wesselski Archiv Orientální I 300ff.—Hindu: Penzer X 365 s.v. "Yama"; Buddhist myth: Malalasekera II 680; India: *Thompson-Balys; Maori: Clark 8, 135; Marshall Is.: Davenport 222; S. Am. Indian (Toba): Métraux Myths 19; Icel.: Boberg. |
| A487.0.1 | Death kills only those whose time it is to die. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A487.1 | Goddess of death. Hindu: Penzer IV 110 n. 3. |
| A488 | God of destruction. India: Thompson-Balys |
| A489 | Gods of abstractions—miscellaneous. |
| A489.1 | Goddess of protection. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A489.2 | God of strength. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A489.3 | God of fear. |
| A489.3.1 | Angel of fear. Jewish: Neuman. |
| A489.4 | God of laughter. Greek: Hesiod (Momus). |
| A490 | Miscellaneous gods of the earth. *Hartmann Die germanische Gottheit des Jahres und des Lebens (Halle 1935). |
| A491 | God of travelers. Greek: Fox 195; Chinese: Ferguson 82; Tahiti: Beckwith Myth 221. |
| A492 | God of metals. Irish myth: Cross; Persian: Carnoy 260. |
| A493 | God of fire. Greek: Fox 205; Russian: Máchal 298; Persian: Carnoy 260, 284; Jewish: Neuman; Hindu: Keith 43, Penzer X 163 s.v. "God of Fire" (Agni); India: *Thompson-Balys; Buddhist myth: Malalasekera I 952, II 8; Armenian: Ananikian 33; Finno-Ugric: Holmberg Finno-Ugric 235; Siberian: Holmberg Siberian 454; Chinese: Ferguson 76, Werner 237, 283.—Huichol: Alexander Lat. Am. 121; Maori: Clark 41; Hawaii: Beckwith Myth 170; Tahiti: Henry 130, 241; Icel.: Boberg. |
| A493.0.1 | Angel of fire. Jewish: Neuman. |
| A493.1 | Goddess of fire. India: Thompson-Balys; Oceanic: Beckwith Myth 167ff. |
| A493.2 | God of the furnace. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A494 | Food-goddess. India: Thompson-Balys; Japanese: Anesaki 232. |
| A495 | Mountain-god. Chinese: Ferguson 91. |
| A496 | God of the seasons. India: *Thompson-Balys. |
| A496.1 | God of spring. Buddhist myth: Malalasekera I 992. |
| A497 | Echo. |
| A497.1 | Echo invisible. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A498 | Deity of stone. India: *Thompson-Balys. |
| A499 | Other deities. |
| A499.1 | Python-goddess. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A499.2 | Goddess of the hair. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A499.3 | God of stones. Hawaii: Beckwith Myth 88. |
| A499.4 | God of sorcery. Hawaii: Beckwith Myth 15, 29f., 108. |
| A499.4.1 | Goddess of sorcery. Hawaii: Beckwith Myth 114. |
| A499.5 | God of dreams. Greek: Grote II 115. |
| A499.6 | God of poison. Hawaii: Beckwith Myth 112. |
| A499.7 | Goddess of the parasol. Buddhist myth: Malalasekera I 421. |
| A500 | Demigods and culture heroes. Irish myth: Cross; Hawaii: *Beckwith Myth 60. |
| A501 | Groups of demigods. |
| A501.1 | Seven demigods. Siberian and Indo-Iranian: Holmberg Siberian 402ff. |
| A502 | Heroes or demigods as fourth race of men. Greek: Grote I 62. |
| A504 | Male virgin demigod. Tuamotu: Stimson MS (z-G. 3/1301). |
| A506 | Half-spirit, half-man. Samoa: Beckwith Myth 368. |
| A510 | Origin of the culture hero (demigod). |
| A510.1 | Culture hero as god. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A510.2 | Culture hero reborn. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A511 | Birth and rearing of culture hero (demigod). Irish myth: Cross. |
| A511.1 | Birth of culture hero. Hawaii: Beckwith Myth 227. |
| A511.1.1 | Culture hero snatched from mother's side. *Dh I 11.—Finnish: Kalevala rune 1.—S. Am. Indian (Tehuelche): Alexander Lat. Am. 335, (Jivaro): Métraux RMLP XXXIII 148f., (Warrau): Métraux ibid. 146, (Kaiguа): Métraux ibid. 139, (Chiriguano): Métraux ibid. 156, (North Peru): Métraux ibid. 133, (Eastern Brazil): Lowie BBAE CXLIII (1) 434. |
| A511.1.1.1 | River flows from corpse of mythical mother of culture hero. S. Am. Indian (Amuesha): Métraux RMLP XXXIII 131. |
| A511.1.2 | Culture hero speaks before birth. Krappe Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum LXXII (1935) 161—171.—African: Werner African 213. |
| A511.1.2.1 | Twin culture heroes quarrel before birth. (Cf. A515.1.1.)—Dh I 11; Jewish: Neuman. |
| A511.1.2.2 | Culture hero in mother's womb indicates direction to be taken by her. S. Am. Indian (Tupinamba): Métraux BBAE CXLIII (3) 132, (Apapacuvo-Guarani): Métraux RMLP XXXIII 139. |
| A511.1.3 | Culture hero incarnated through birth from virgin. Siberian: Holmberg Siberian 387. |
| A511.1.3.1 | Demigod son of king's unmarried sister (daughter) by god. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A511.1.3.2 | Demigod son of king's unmarried sister by her brother. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A511.1.3.3 | Immaculate conception of culture hero. Hawaii: Beckwith Myth 227; S. Am. Indian (Chiriguano): Métraux BBAE CXLIII (3) 484, (Manasi): Métraux ibid. 393. |
| A511.1.4 | Magic origin of culture hero. |
| A511.1.4.1 | Origin of culture hero from bursting stone. Oceanic (Banks Group, Tonga, Celebes, Union Group, Gilbert Group): Dixon 111. |
| A511.1.4.2 | Hero formed by god out of mother's apron. Maori: Beckwith Myth 231. |
| A511.1.4.3 | Birth of culture heroes from human bones swallowed by jaguar's human wife. S. Am. Indian (Bacairi): Levi-Strauss BBAE CXLIII (3) 347. |
| A511.1.4.4 | Culture hero creates a companion from a toenail. S. Am. Indian (Yurakare): Métraux RMLP XXXIII 144. |
| A511.1.5 | Culture hero son of mortal (half-mortal) father. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A511.1.6 | Culture hero posthumous child. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A511.1.7 | Culture hero born three times. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A511.1.8 | Culture hero son of animal. |
| A511.1.8.1 | Culture hero son of deer mother. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A511.1.8.2 | Culture hero offspring of woman and jaguar. S. Am. Indian (Eastern Brazil): Lowie BBAE CXLIII (1) 434, (Bakairi): Métraux RMLP XXXIII 145. |
| A511.1.8.3 | Mythical lizards parents of culture hero. S. Am. Indian (Amuesa): Métraux RMLP XXXIII 149. |
| A511.1.9 | Culture hero born from egg. S. Am. Indian (Jivaro): Métraux RMLP XXXIII 148, (Huamachuco): ibid. 151, (North Peru): Métraux ibid. 133. |
| A511.2 | Care of culture hero. |
| A511.2.1 | Abandonment of culture hero at birth. S. Am. Indian (Tupinamba): Métraux RMLP XXXIII 135, (Chiriguano): Métraux ibid. 142; Maori: Clark 29. |
| A511.2.1.1 | Abandoned culture hero captured by use of net. S. Am. Indian (Amuesa): Métraux RMLP XXXIII 132. |
| A511.2.2 | Nursing of culture hero. |
| A511.2.2.1 | Culture hero suckled by wolf. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A511.2.2.2 | Culture hero cared for by tiger. S. Am. Indian (Yurakari): Métraux RMLP XXXIII 144. |
| A511.2.3 | Culture hero is hidden in order to escape enemies. S. Am. Indian (Bakairi): Métraux RMLP XXXIII 145, (Tembé, Kaigua): Métraux ibid. 139. |
| A511.3 | Education of culture hero. |
| A511.3.1 | Culture hero reared in seclusion. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A511.3.2 | Culture hero reared (educated) by extraordinary (supernatural) personages. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A511.4 | Growth of culture hero. |
| A511.4.1 | Miraculous growth of culture hero. Philippine (Tinguian): Cole 38, 87, 102; S. Am. Indian (Tupinamba): Métraux RMLP XXXIII 135. |
| A512 | Parentage of culture hero. (Cf. also A511.1.8.). |
| A512.1 | Culture hero's grandmother. Eskimo (Kodiak): Golder JAFL XVI 16. |
| A512.2 | Culture hero creator's son. Norse: MacCulloch Eddic 328.—S. Am. Indian (Ackawoi) (Orinoco): Alexander Lat. Am. 269, (Guaporé River): Levi-Strauss BBAE CXLIII (3) 378, (Guarani): Métraux BBAE CXLIII (3) 92f. |
| A512.3 | Culture hero as son of god. Irish myth: Cross; Greek: Grote I 94.—Hawaii: Beckwith Myth 13. |
| A512.4 | Sun as father of culture hero. S. Am. Indian (Warrau, Carib): Métraux RMLP XXXIII 123, 145. |
| A513 | Coming of culture hero (demigod). |
| A513.1 | Demigods descend from heaven. Irish myth: Cross.—S. Am. Indian (Tapirapé): Wagley-Galvao BBAE CXLIII (3) 178; Maori: Clark 30. |
| A513.2 | Culture hero arrives (and departs) in boat. Norse: Boberg, MacCulloch Eddic 262f.; Old English: Beowulf. |
| A515 | Pair of culture heroes. Amazon tribes: Alexander Lat. Am. 311. |
| A515.1 | Culture heroes brothers. Araucanian: Alexander Lat. Am. 330; N. Am. Indian: *Thompson Tales 280 n. 35. |
| A515.1.1 | Twin culture heroes. (Cf. A511.1.2.1.). P. Saintyves "Les Jumeaux dans l'ethnographie et la mythologie" Revue Anthrop. XXV (1925) 54ff.—Jewish: Neuman; N. Am. Indian (Plains Tribes): Alexander N. Am. 104, 106, (Pima): ibid. 176, (Sia): ibid. 204; S. Am. Indian (Jíbaros, Eastern Ecuador): Karsten Myths of the Jíbaros (cf. Boas JAFL XXXII 446), Amazon tribes: Alexander Lat. Am. 311, (Warrau, Carib, Tupinamba, Kaigua, Tembé, Apapocuvá-Guarani, Bakairi, Kaingang, Amuesha, Huamachucho, Chiriguano): Métraux RMLP XXXIII 123, 135f., 138, 145ff., 158—165, (Tenetchara): Wagley-Galvao BBAE CXLIII (3) 147, (Cashinawa, Guarani, Guarayú): Métraux BBAE CXLIII (3) 92f., 438, 685, (Toba): Métraux BBAE CXLIII (1) 368, (Bakairi): Lévi-Strauss BBAE CXLIII (3) 347, (Paressi): Métraux BBAE CXLIII (3) 359.—Tonga: Gifford 20. |
| A515.1.1.1 | Twin culture heroes sired by two fathers. S. Am. Indian (Guarani): Métraux BBAE CXLIII (3) 92f., RMLP XXXIII 136. |
| A515.1.1.2 | Twin culture heroes—one foolish, one clever. (Cf.A525.) S. Am. Indian (Bacairi): Lévi-Strauss BBAE CXLIII (3) 347, (Tupinamba): Métraux RMLP XXXIII 135, (Chiriguano): ibid. 163. |
| A515.1.1.3 | Twin culture heroes conceived of as sun and moon. S. Am. Indian (Amuesha): Métraux RMLP XXXIII 150, (Chiriguano): ibid. 158ff. |
| A515.1.2 | Sworn brothers as culture heroes. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A515.2 | Father and son as culture heroes. Irish myth: Cross.—Amazon tribes: Alexander Lat. Am. 311. |
| A515.3 | Culture hero has blood brother. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A515.4 | Culture hero has faithful attendant. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A515.5 | Culture hero fights with (encounters) son without recognizing him. |
| A516 | Expulsion and return of culture hero. |
| A520 | Nature of the culture hero (demigod). |
| A520.1 | Gods as culture heroes. Hawaii: Beckwith Myth 16, chap. 2 passim. |
| A521 | Culture hero as dupe or trickster. Celtic: MacCulloch Celtic 30; Irish myth: Cross.—S. Am. Indian (Yunca, Peru): Alexander Lat. Am. 229, (Chiriguano): Métraux BBAE CXLIII (3) 484; N. Am. Indian: *Thompson Tales 294 n. 78; Hawaii: Beckwith Myth 20; New Hebrides: Codrington 152—166; African: Werner African 213. |
| A522 | Animal as culture hero. |
| A522.1 | Beast as culture hero. |
| A522.1.1 | Dog as culture hero. Aztec: Alexander Lat. Am. 82f. |
| A522.1.1.1 | Culture hero acts as watch-dog; named "Hound". Irish myth: Cross. |
| A522.1.2 | Rabbit as culture hero. Central Algonquian tribes: Thompson PMLA XXXVII 130ff. |
| A522.1.3 | Coyote as culture hero. N. Am. Indian: Alexander N. Am. 141ff., 298 n. 48. |
| A522.1.4 | Fox as culture hero. S. Am. Indian (Chaco): Métraux BBAE CXLIII (1) 369, (Chiriguano): Métraux BBAE CXLIII (3) 484. |
| A522.1.5 | Mink as culture hero. N. Am. Indian: Boas RBAE XXXI 585. |
| A522.2 | Bird as culture hero. |
| A522.2.1 | Blue Jay as culture hero. N. A. Indian: Boas RBAE XXXI 646 and passim. |
| A522.2.2 | Raven as culture hero. Krappe "Arturus Cosmocrator" Speculum 1945, 405ff.—Irish myth: Cross; N. A. Indian: *Boas RBAE XXXI 567ff. |
| A522.2.3 | Hawk as culture hero. S. Am. Indian (Toba): Métraux MAFLS XL 3, BBAE CXLIII (1) 368. |
| A522.2.4 | Aquatic bird as culture hero. S. Am. Indian (Toba): Métraux MAFLS XL 3. |
| A522.3 | Other animals as culture hero. |
| A522.3.1 | Spider as culture hero. Dakota: Dorsey JAFL II 134.—African: Werner African 213. |
| A523 | Giant as culture hero. Irish myth: Cross; Persian: Carnoy 294; Chinese: Werner 305. |
| A523.1 | Giant sword of culture hero. Fb. "sværd" III 691a.; Irish myth: Cross. |
| A524 | Extraordinary possessions of culture hero. |
| A524.1 | Culture hero's extraordinary animals. |
| A524.1.1 | Culture hero has marvelous dogs. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A524.1.2 | Culture hero has marvelous horses. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A524.2 | Extraordinary weapons of culture hero. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A525 | Good and bad culture heroes. Walapai: Alexander N. Am. 180; S. Am. Indian (Guarani): Métraux BBAE CXLIII (3) 93; Melanesia: Dixon 122ff.; Polynesia, Micronesia: ibid. 122 n. 1. |
| A525.1 | Culture hero fights with his elder brother. Ojibwa: Jones-Michelson PAES VII (1) 19. |
| A525.2 | Culture hero (god) slays his grandfather. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A526 | Physical characteristics of culture hero (demigod). |
| A526.1 | Culture hero can be wounded. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A526.2 | Culture hero as mighty hunter. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A526.3 | Culture hero has irresistible beauty spot (ball seirc). Irish myth: Cross. |
| A526.4 | Culture hero has three heads of hair of different colors. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A526.5 | Culture hero has seven pupils in each eye, seven toes on each foot, seven fingers on each hand. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A526.5.1 | Culture hero with different colored eyes, one brown, one green. Maori: Clark 30. |
| A526.6 | Culture hero, when angry, subject to contortions. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A526.7 | Culture hero performs remarkable feats of strength and skill. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A526.8 | Culture hero can turn feet and knees backwards. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A526.9 | Lightning flashes from armpits of hero. Maori: Beckwith Myth |
| A527 | Special powers of culture hero. |
| A527.1 | Culture hero precocious. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A527.1.1 | Divine twins make selves a bow and arrow. S. Am. Indian (Chiriguano): Métraux RMLP XXXIII 143, 156, (Carib): ibid. 147. |
| A527.2 | Culture hero has knowledge-giving member (thumb, tooth). Irish myth: Cross. |
| A527.3 | Culture hero as magician (drai). Irish myth: Cross. |
| A527.3.1 | Culture hero can transform self. S. Am. Indian (Caingang): Métraux BBAE CXLIII (1) 473. |
| A527.3.1.1 | Culture hero assumes ugly and deformed guise. S. Am. Indian (Tupinamba): Métraux RMLP XXXIII 168. |
| A527.4 | Culture hero as poet (musician). Irish myth: Cross. |
| A528 | Culture hero has supernatural helpers. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A530 | Culture hero establishes law and order. Norse: Boberg; Greek: Fox 103; Jewish: Neuman. |
| A530.1 | Culture hero completes work of creator. S. Am. Indian (Guarani): Métraux BBAE CXLIII (3) 93, (Tucuna): Nimuendajú BBAE CXLIII (3) 724. |
| A531 | Culture hero (demigod) overcomes monsters. Norse: Boberg; Greek: Grote I 189; Irish myth: Cross, Beal XXI 327; Babylonian: Spence 158; Hindu: Keith 34, 172; India: *Thompson-Balys; Chinese: Coyajee JPASB XXIV 189; Japanese: Anesaki 303; Persian: Carnoy 287, 293, 300.—American Indian: *Thompson Tales 272 n. 1; *Farrand-Frachtenberg JAFL XXVIII 216 (N. Pac. Coast, Chinook, Kathlamet, Shoshone, Maidu, Coos, Alsea, Molala, Kalapuya); and add (Maidu) Dixon PAES IV 59 No. 2, (Joshua) Farrand-Frachtenberg JAFL XXVIII 235 No. 18, (Navaho) Alexander N. Am. 165, (Arikara) ibid. 108; Jicarilla Apache: Mooney AA old ser. XI (1898) 204; S. Am. Indian (Toba): Métraux MAFLS XXXX 4, 8, 62, 66f., 73, 77, (Tucuan): Nimuendajá BBAE CXLIII (3) 724, (Huamachuco): Métraux RMLP XXXIII 151, (Apapocuvá-Guarani): Métraux RMLP XXXIII 138. |
| A531.1 | Culture hero spares certain evil spirits. Old Age, Cold, Poverty, and Hunger beg the culture hero not to destroy them because of their real usefulness to man.—Navaho: Matthews MAFLS V 130ff. |
| A531.1.1 | Culture hero banishes demons. Irish myth: Cross.—Easter Is.: Métraux Ethnology 370. |
| A531.2 | Culture hero banishes snakes. *Krappe "St. Patrick and the Snakes" Traditio V (1947) 323—330; Irish: Cross, Giraldus Cambrensis Topography of Ireland I 23, Bede Historia Ecclesiastica I 18 (St. Patrick); Swiss: Jegerlehner Oberwallis 300 No. 9, 303 No. 22. |
| A531.3 | Culture hero exterminates race of tigers. S. Am. Indian (Caingang): Métraux RMLP XXXIII 148, (Amuesha): ibid. 150, (Apapocuvu-Guarani): ibid. 138. |
| A531.4 | Culture hero conquers sea monster. Chinese-Persian: Coyajee JPASB XXIV 190. |
| A531.4.1 | Demigod conquers great octopus. Hawaii: Beckwith Myth 22. |
| A532 | Culture hero tames winds in caves. Western Mono: Gifford JAFL XXXVI 326ff. Nos. 9, 10. |
| A533 | Culture hero regulates rivers. |
| A533.1 | Culture hero stays current of river. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A535 | Culture hero swallowed and recovered from animal. Irish myth: Cross; Persian: Carnoy 302. |
| A536 | Demigods fight as allies of mortals. Irish myth: Cross; Jewish: Neuman. |
| A536.1 | Culture hero (saint) defends Ireland against foreign invasions. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A537 | Culture heroes clear plains. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A538 | Culture hero builds raths. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A541 | Culture hero teaches arts and crafts. Jewish: Neuman; India: *Thompson-Balys.—American Indian: in practically all the mythologies—see Thompson Tales 272 n. 1; Eskimo (Bering Strait): Nelson RBAE XVIII 456; S. Am. Indian (Maya): Alexander Lat. Am. 131ff., (Bakairi): Alexander Lat. Am. 313, (Toba): Métraux MAFLS XXXX 78, 84, 86, 112ff., Métraux BBAE CXLIII (1) 368, (Guaporé River): Lévi-Strauss BBAE CXLIII (3) 379, (Chiriguano): Métraux BBAE CXLIII (3) 484, (Guarayú): Métraux BBAE (3) 437, (Cubeo): Goldman BBAE CXLIII (3) 789, (Cashinawa): Métraux BBAE CXLIII (3) 685.—Hawaii: Beckwith Myth 115; New Hebrides (Banks Is.): Codrington 152—166. |
| A541.1 | Culture hero invents and teaches the Irish language. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A541.2 | Culture hero as god of agriculture. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A545 | Culture hero establishes customs. India: Thompson-Balys.—Mixtec: Alexander Lat. Am. 86; S. A. Indian (Bakairi): Lévi-Strauss BBAE CXLIII (3) 347, (Tupinamba): Métraux BBAE CXLIII (3) 93, (Toba): Métraux MAFLS XL 79, 367, (Mataco): Métraux ibid. 105, 367, (Cubeo): Goldman BBAE CXLIII (3) 798, (Tucuna): Nimuendajú BBAE CXLIII (3) 724. |
| A546 | Culture hero establishes social system. Persian: Carnoy 317; India Thompson-Balys. |
| A547 | Culture hero dispenses food and hospitality. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A560 | Culture hero's (demigod's) departure. Irish myth: Cross; Finnish: Kalevala rune 50; India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A561 | Divinity's departure for west. American Indian: *Thompson Tales 274 n. 11; S. A. Indian (Inca): Alexander Lat. Am. 240, (Yuracare, W. Brazil): ibid. 315, (Guarayú): Métraux BBAE CXLIII (3) 437, Métraux RMLP XXXIII 147. |
| A562 | Divinity's departure for east. S. A. Indian (Tehuelche, Patagonia): Alexander Lat. Am. 336. |
| A564 | Remarkable longevity of culture heroes. Irish myth: Cross; Jewish: Neuman. |
| A565 | Dying culture hero. The culture hero teaches people how to die by dying himself.—Irish myth: Cross; California Indians: *Thompson Tales 285 n. 52a. |
| A566 | Culture hero returns to upper world. S. Am. Indian (Apapocuvá-Guaraní): Métraux RMLP XXXIII 136ff., (Chiriguano): Métraux RMLP XXXIII 148f., 157. |
| A566.1 | Return of mortal reincarnation of celestial being to the country of the gods after his mission has been accomplished on earth. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A566.2 | Culture hero ascends to heaven guided by blind ancestress. Maori: Beckwith Myth 249. |
| A567 | Divinity retires to the end of the world. S. Am. Indian (Yuracare): Métraux BBAE CXLIII (3) 503. |
| A570 | Culture hero still lives. Köhler-Bolte I 411; Irish myth: Cross. |
| A571 | Culture hero asleep in mountain. Köhler-Bolte I 411.—Irish myth: Cross; Welsh: MacCulloch Celtic 194 (Arthur); Norse: MacCulloch Eddic 316; Eng., Scot.: Baughman. |
| A571.1 | Culture hero still alive in hollow hill. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A571.2 | Culture hero still alive on mysterious island. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A572 | Culture hero still keeps watch over earth. S. Am. Indian (Apapocuvá-Guaraní): Métraux RMLP XXXIII 138. |
| A572.1 | Culture hero still resides in the zenith. S. Am. Indian (Guaraní): Métraux BBAE CXLIII (3) 93. |
| A575 | Departed deity grants requests to visitors. N. A. Indian: *Thompson Tales 276 n. 17. |
| A580 | Culture hero's (divinity's) expected return. Divinity or hero is expected to return at the proper time and rescue his people from their misfortunes. Often joined with A571.—*Norlind "Skattsägner".—Danish: Bolte Zs. f. Vksk. XXIX 74; Fb. "Holger Danske"; Norse: Olrik Ragnarök 108ff., 478 (Balder); Irish myth: Cross; Welsh: MacCulloch Celtic 194 (Arthur); Eng., Scot.: Baughman; Finnish: Kalevala rune 50.—Jewish: Neuman; Persian: Carnoy 339.—N. A. Indian: *Thompson Tales 274 n. 11a.; Aztec: Alexander Lat. Am. 66. |
| A581 | Culture hero (divinity) returns. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A581.1 | Culture hero returns and assists mortals. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A581.2 | Culture hero returns and aids followers in battle. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A581.3 | Culture hero returns to prove power of saint. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A590 | Demigods and culture heroes—miscellaneous. |
| A591 | Semi-divine hero granted free access to men's wives. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A592 | Culture heroes and descendants. |
| A592.1 | Demigod and witch woman of upper world have son. Tuamotu: Stimson MS (z-G. 13/249). |
| A592.2 | Virgin daughter of culture hero. S. Am. Indian (Tupinamba): Métraux RMLP XXXIII 168. |
| A592.2.1 | Daughter of culture hero gives birth to boy. S. Am. Indian (Tupinamba): Métraux RMLP XXXIII 169. |
| A600 | Creation of the universe. In addition to other references in this section A600—A649, see: *Encyc. Rel. Ethics s.v. "Creation"; *Lang Myth. 163ff.; Henne am-Rhyn Das Jenseits: Kulturgeschichtliche Darstellung über Schöpfung, etc. (1881); Schlieper Die kosmogonischen Mythen der Urvölker (Bonn 1932, diss.); *Hdwb. d. Abergl. IX Nachträge 274—284; Feilberg Skabelses og Syndflodssagn (1915).—Norse: Boberg, MacCulloch Eddic 327ff.; Irish myth: Cross; Persian: Carnoy 275; Jewish: Neuman; India: Thompson-Balys; Chinese: Werner 406.—Cherokee: Mooney Am. Urquell II 85ff.; Quiché: Alexander Lat. Am. 160f.; Maya: ibid. 152ff.; Hawaii: Beckwith Myth 43ff.; Tahiti: Henry 336ff. |
| A601 | Universe created in specified time and order. Jewish: Neuman; Hawaii: Beckwith Myth 45. |
| A601.1 | Universe created in five periods of time. Hawaii: Beckwith Myth 44. |
| A601.2 | Universe created in six days. Hawaii: Beckwith Myth 45. |
| A605 | Primeval chaos. *Sayce Encyc. Religion and Ethics III 363 s.v. "Chaos". —Greek: Roscher I 871 s.v. "Chaos"; Icel.: De la Saussaye 340f.; Jewish: Neuman; Egyptian: Müller 47; Babylonian: Spence 71; Japanese: Anesaki 222.—Pima: Alexander N. Am. 177; Mixtec: Alexander Lat. Am. 86; Marquesas Is.: Dixon 10 n. 13; Maori: ibid. 6ff.; Nias Is.: ibid. 167; Hawaii: Beckwith Myth 42; Tahiti: Henry 336, 340. |
| A605.1 | Primeval darkness. S. Am. Indian (Guaraní): Métraux BBAE CXLIII (3) 93; Hawaii: Beckwith Myth 312; Africa (Luba): Donohugh Africa V 180. |
| A605.2 | Primeval cold. Icel.: Boberg. |
| A610 | Creation of universe by creator. The creator is existing before all things. —Irish myth: Cross; Jewish: Neuman; Hindu: Oldenberg Religion des Veda 278; Chinese: Werner 76, 90.—Mexican: Alexander Lat. Am. 85; Guiana: ibid. 256ff., —Society Is.: Dixon 11 n. 18, 12 n. 19; Marquesas Is.: ibid. 11 n. 14; Maori: ibid. 11 n. 16, 17, 13 n. 20; Hawaii: Beckwith Myth 42; Australian: Goldenweiser Early Civilization 105.—Uganda: ibid. 97. |
| A610.1 | All things created in pairs (heaven and earth, etc.). Jewish: Neuman. |
| A610.2 | Creation of heaven, earth, and hell. Jewish: Neuman; Hawaii: Beckwith Myth 42. |
| A611 | Fiat creation. Universe is created at command of creator.—Irish myth: Cross; Hebrew: Genesis ch. 1; Jewish: Neuman.—Pelew Group, Western Caroline Is., Central Caroline Is., Gilbert Group: Dixon 248; Mono-Alu (Fauru): Wheeler 66; Tahiti: Henry 338. |
| A611.0.1 | Creator uses particular formula (letters) to create universe. Jewish: Neuman. |
| A611.1 | Druids as creators. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A612 | Creation: materialization of creator's thinking. Creator "thinks outward in space" and thus produces the universe.—*Dh I 10f., 15, 17ff., 58, 113; Jewish: Neuman.—Zuсi: Cushing RBAE XIII 379ff.; Thompson Tales 280 n. 36. |
| A612.1 | World-soul. The universe a manifestation of the creator.—Society Is.: Dixon 12 n. 19. |
| A613 | Creation from creator's tears. Dh I 31f. |
| A614 | Universe from parts of creator's body. Ymir makes the world from his members—mountains from bones, cliffs from teeth, heavens from skull, etc.—Norse: Dh I 111 n. 1; Lang Myth I 234 ff.—Mexican: Danzel Kultur und Religion des primitiven Menschen 60; Kalmuck, Chinese, Hindu: Holmberg Finno-Ugric 372; Chinese: Eberhard FFC CXX 96 No. 55. |
| A614.1 | Universe from parts of man's body. (Cf. A831.2)—Kabyle: Frobenius Atlantis I 101; Madagascar: Dandonau Contes pop. de Sakalava No. 58; Papuan: Landtmann The Kiwai Papuans 551; Sumatra: Pleyte Bataksche Vertellingen 68. |
| A615 | Universe as offspring of creator. The Sky Father begets various parts of the universe by his various wives.—Maori: Dixon 8 n. 9. |
| A615.1 | Universe from creator's masturbation with water, with stone, and with earth. (Cf. A1216.1). Easter Is.: Métraux Ethnology 314. |
| A615.2 | Universe from copulation of various objects to produce others. Easter Is.: Métraux Ethnology 320f. |
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