G13C. What to eat before the advent of agriculture.

.19.20.22.-.24.43.44.51.52.56.57.61.-.66.70.72.

Before the advent of cultivated or edible wild plants, people ate what is now considered unfit for food: (rotten) wood, bark, earth, stones, mushrooms.

Watut, Sussure, Tahiti, Khmer, Sinhalese, Bidayu, Ngaju, Seneca, Yokutz, Huichol, Popoloca, Sicuani, Makiritare, Yanomami, Maihuna, Aguaruna, Huitoto, Ocaina, Quechua (southern Bolivia), Ashaninka, Machiguenga, Cashinahua, Sharanahua, Munduruku, Xipaya, Urubu, Riqbaktsa, Kayapo, Apinaye, Kraho, Ramkokamekra, Suya, Xavante.

Melanesia. Watut : Fischer 1963, no. 3 [a lonely man ate earth, drying it in the sun; two women came down from the sky, gave him cultivated plants, showed him how to cook in an earthen vessel; she became his wife, the other returned to the sky], 4 [a husband, wife and their daughter ate earth; the man came down from the sky, began visiting the girl, gave her yams, bananas, sweet potatoes; told her to throw away the earth; the parents lay in wait for him, asked the man to marry their daughter; one day he climbed back up to the sky as usual, but an old woman in the sky pulled the rope and closed the door; he hung between heaven and earth, fell, and was killed]: 138, 138-139; susure : Lehner 1975, no. 2a [there were no cultivated plants, people boiled stones; the old woman Mekue died; her husband found a dead rat in the forest, started making a fire at home, sent two grandsons to bring meat; instead of a rat, they saw the grandmother (or her spirit); she gave them taro, everyone liked it; M.'s two sons told her grandsons to watch her get taro; it turned out that she was extracting it from her skin; M. told them to clear a plot of land, kill her, pour her blood on the plot, put her side closer to the house, her legs under a tree, and her genitals on a tree branch; after the rain, taro, yams, bananas, and other plants grew in the garden; since the younger brother had killed the grandmother (the elder brother refused), he took twice as much of the garden for himself], 2b [there was no taro, people boiled stones; the old woman Mekue told her sons Kulubob and Wailele to clear a plot of land and kill her; pour the blood on the ground, put her side closer to the house, her thigh under a tree, her clitoris and shoulder arms on a branch; the younger one, W., agreed to kill. After the rain, bananas, taro, sugar cane, wild sugar cane, and everything else grew from the blood; the thigh became a yam, the eyes became beans, the clitoris a rooster, the shoulder a hand drum, the thigh a slit gong; the brothers put the harvested crop in bags and hung them on the Taman tree; taro fruits grew on the tree; they fell, pigs picked them up, the village elder noticed taro in a pig's mouth; with another man they went after the pig, but lost the trail deep in the forest; then they attached a rattle to the pig's ear, found a tree, all if taro; decided to cut down the tree; they cut for two days with a break for the night, felled it; the spirit Miani got the best taro from the top, and the spirit Mawake and we - from below, worse; but then we also got good from Miani; they threw a feast; the spirit Truamun told how to grow taro]: 742-744, 744-746.

Micronesia - Polynesia. Tahiti [during a famine the people ate red clay; the father felt sorry for his children; he told his wife to go out in the morning and see what had become of him; in the morning the wife found a breadfruit tree on the spot where her husband had sacrificed himself]: Henry 1928: 423-436.

Burma - Indochina. Khmers [above Mount Sumeru there is a paradise world of beautiful long-lived creatures - tevoda; they decided to punish people living on earth for their sins; first the earth was scorched by seven suns, then everything was flooded; when the waters began to subside, 8 creatures - proms were sent from the sky; they began to eat sea foam, then earth, then plants (when they appeared); according to another version, they ate mushrooms first, then liana fruits, then rice; from the rice their stomachs filled with excrement, they developed two openings, P. divided into men and women, gave birth to new people]: Chesnov 1982a: 340.

South Asia. Sinhalese [at first people ate mushrooms, which looked like boiled milk spilled on the ground; then rice appeared, it had no husk and grew by itself; but because of the wickedness of people the husk appeared and rice now has to be grown]: Perera 1917: 5.

Malaysia - Indonesia. Bidayuh (Dayaks of the land, western Sarawak) [the people ate fruits and mushrooms that grew on rotten trees; Si Jura and his companions went to sea; they saw a tree whose roots were in the sky and whose branches hung down into the water; SJ climbed the tree to the sky; the companions got tired of waiting and swam away; having reached the roots, SJ found himself in the land of the Pleiades; Si Kira invited him into the house, treated him to boiled rice, which SJ at first took for larvae; looking into a large jug, SJ saw his father's house, brothers and sisters below; SK gave him seeds of three varieties of rice, taught him how to cultivate the fields, and lowered him back to earth on a rope; the time for field work is judged by the position of the Pleiades]: St. John 1863: 213-214 (very similar text in Ling Roth 1896: 307-308; place of recording - Sentah in the extreme west of Sarawak); ngaju [a dwarf deer offers a tiger: whoever brings the most hearts is the leader; the tiger killed large animals, brought a basket of hearts; began to take them out one by one: this is the heart of a deer, this is the heart of a wild boar, etc.; a dwarf deer brought a basket of tree mushrooms, began to take them out, saying: this is the heart of the tig-tig beast, this is also the heart of the tig-tig beast, etc.; tiger: who is tig-tig? deer: tig-tig-tiger! the tiger fled in terror, fell into a ravine and broke his neck]: Klokke et al. 1988, No. 13: 53-57.

Northeast. Seneca [after the flood people eat bark; Corn lives in the south, sends his daughter to the people; she marries, fills the granaries with grain, satisfies the hunger of many with a single fish; her husband's brother refuses her bread, throws it into the fire; she returns to her mother, the corn disappears; her husband comes for her; she gives him corn seeds, beans, pumpkins; he brings them to the people; his wicked brother dies of hunger]: Curtin, Hewitt 1918, No. 121: 636-642.

California. Yokuts (Wükchamni, central foothills) [only a small island in the waters; a turtle swims up to Eagle and Coyote, they tell it to dive; they find some earth under its claw, put it on the water, the earth grows; they make six human couples, send them in different directions; the people have nothing to eat, they eat earth, have already eaten some; Eagle and Coyote send a dove, it brings a grain; the earth is covered with plants; there is water under the earth now]: Kroeber 1907a, no. 25: 218-219.

NW Mexico. Huichol [a cosmological picture made of colored threads glued to plywood depicts the foods that the Indians ate before the advent of agriculture: an iguana, an edible worm, wild fruits; a mushroom is placed in the very center]: Negrin 1979, first drawing of the color insert.

Mesoamerica. Popoloca [The Sun ( Jose ) is the younger brother, the Moon ( Maria ) is the older sister; only the Morning Star shines; people want more light, ask X. and M. to jump into the fire; M. is afraid, falls into the fire, gets burned; X. jumps over the fire; the sun rises; before this there was no corn, people ate sand and stones; the moon is sometimes not visible, it is the mountains that block it]: Jacklein 1974: 284-285.

Llanos. Sicuani [see motif I1; the people ate only wild fruits and tree fungi; Kinkajou found a tree on which all the cultivated plants grew; the people cut it down and got the plants; mention of fungi on p.211)]: Wilbert, Simoneau 1992, no. 46: 211-215.

Southern Venezuela. Makiritare [the inhabitants of the earth ate the earth; the monkey Kúshu learned that a giant cassava bush grew in the sky; he got there, made the bush small, hid it under his fingernails; the owner of the cassava Suamo followed, skinned K.; K.'s sister restored him to his former appearance; K. with cassava under his fingernails came down to the earth, gave the cassava to Kamáso to plant; only a rickety plant grew; the same in a second place; in a third it grew well; the bird Daríche brought water from the sky, watered the cassava; Eréñahádi took a seed to plant at her place {cassava does not reproduce by seeds}, but the seed did not sprout; Uanádi's mother (a cultural hero), advised by the sorcerer Wádi, planted a seed in Marahuaca, where it grew into a giant tree with all kinds of fruits on its branches; they fell and killed the animal-people, including Wade's son, who was killed; all the animals and birds, under the leadership of Seménia, collected fruits from the ground; Tapir and Jaguar collected only for themselves, hid them; S. sent them to bring water in a basket, they cut down the tree; when it fell, it formed three mountain ranges; S. ordered the bird Dariche to spill the water brought from the sky, it formed rivers; Tapir and Jaguar ran to the fallen tree, but the rivers blocked their way; a huge snake became the master of the waters; when Jaguar ran up, he said, "Now we will eat people"; Tapir heard, "Now we will eat leaves"; therefore the jaguar became a carnivore, the tapir a herbivore]: Civrieux 1960: 185-188; Yanomami [people ate dirt; there was no night; people had sex in front of each other; Hõrõnami's son shot a guan; the arrow barely grazed the wing, it became dark for a moment; H. killed the guan, night fell; then H. grew the first bananas]: Wilbert, Simoneau 1990b, no. 62: 134; Yanomami: Wilbert, Simoneau 1990b, no. 192 [Cocco 1972: 469-474; the jaguar Ira ate Poapoama, gave the child from the womb to his grandmother Mamokori-yoma, who raised Omawë; his elder brother was Yoawë; while fishing, he sees two girls in the river; the next day O. saw one girl, grabbed her, brought her home; she is the daughter of the water monster Rahara-riwë (similar to a bag for squeezing cassava); O. took her to the plot, to the ceiba, ordered her to pull out the root, cook cassava; the wife did not eat it, said that real cassava is not like that; gave birth to a beautiful girl; Yarimi-riwë asked her to be his wife; her vagina bit his penis, there was a fish there; he turned into a monkey; O.'s wife took him and Ë. to her father, on the plot, showed real cassava; at that time her father sent a huge wave at them; O. and Ë. turned into crickets, hid under the roof of the house, where air remained; both with O.'s wife returned home; decided to take revenge on R.; agreed with the Sun so that he would dry up the reservoir; for the first time the dry season came; O. thrust a spear into the ground, water poured out, everyone drank; some of the water rose to the sky, now it pours out as rain; the shamans threw an old woman into the water, the flood ended; O. ate dead fish, where he threw bones, rivers appeared; O. stole the daughter of the Morokoto fish; then he left with his family, his descendants are Europeans], 193 [Lizot MS; Omawë and his older brother Yoawë, turning into different birds, caught the daughter of the water monster Rahararitawë (at first Ë. saw her, he could not catch her); At home, their son-in-law wanted to have sex with her first; she had fish in her vagina, his penis was bitten off, he became a monkey, the bite mark is still visible; the brothers took out the fish and had sex; they wanted her to rub the roots of the ceiba; she said that the real cassava was her father’s; they came to him, he brought them the cassava itself, having flooded everything, they saved themselves by becoming crickets; having planted cassava, they made it so that the sun dried up all the water; aquatic creatures are dying, suffering from thirst], 194 [Finkers 1986: 30-32; beginning as in (193); the woman calls I. names when he tries to lure her in the form of different birds; she wants to catch O., who has become a beautiful bird; he becomes a man, grabs her and carries her away; O.’s son-in-law wanted to have sex first, was bitten by a fish, ran away (apparently, he became a monkey); the brothers took out the fish and had sex; the woman says that ceiba is not cassava, she goes to her father for the real thing; he comes with her, a wave covers everything, the brothers are saved by becoming crickets; O. tells the Sun to dry up all the water; thus the brothers find cassava]: 377-384, 385-388, 389-391.

Western Amazonia. Mayhuna [at first people baked flatbreads not from cassava flour but from earth]: Bellier 1991b: 29; Aguaruna : Akutz Nugkai et al. 1977(2) [before the introduction of cassava, balsa trees grew in the gardens]: 93; Guallart 1958 [before the introduction of cultivated plants, people ate balsa bark]: 88.

NW Amazonia. Uitoto [Hitiruni ("black") girl rejected all suitors, including the Sun; Sikire ("bamboo") Buneima (water mythical creatures) imperceptibly impregnates her when she is sitting on a trough; appears in the form of a young man, leads her under the water, sends her back; she gives birth to a boy who turns into a huge tree; on its branches are all cultivated plants, the roots are edible; the woman bakes them under her armpits and knees, brings them to her parents; people stop eating crushed stones, white clay and rotten wood, go to chop down a tree; Nofuyeni (one of the ancestral chiefs) takes a toad-axe, but from the blows her liver comes out of her mouth; receives a red parrot-axe from her ancestor, fells a tree; throws chips into the water, they turn into fish; [carves a woman out of a single splinter, gives her to Hitoma (the Sun) as a wife; turns into a kestrel, flies to the sky]: Preuss 1921, no. 2: 170-188; uitoto: Girard 1958 [the water serpent Buinaima copulated with Amena-cogoena or Monayyalque (identified with Nafuey - the moon, the first woman); a boy was born, on the fourth day he turned into a tree, on the top of which were cassava, peanuts, pepper and other cultivated plants; the mother gathered the fruits, and then the people ate the earth; in order to get the fruits, the people cut down the tree; water flowed from the trunk - rivers, edible plants, mainly cassava, emerged from the branches; this tree-child was called Faqurani, its attribute is an axe; var.: Buinaima (master of the forest, thunderer) himself cuts down the tree to give people fruits]: 74-76; Preuss 1921, No. 2 [the girl Hitiruni ("black") rejected all suitors, including the Sun; Sikire ('bamboo') Buneima (water mythical creatures) imperceptibly fertilizes her when she sits on a trough; appears in the form of a young man, leads her under the water, sends her back; she gives birth to a boy who turns into a huge tree; on its branches are all cultivated plants, the roots are edible; the woman bakes them under her arms and knees, brings them to her parents; people stop eating crushed stones, white clay and rotten wood, go to cut down a tree; Nofuyeni (one of the ancestral chiefs) takes an axe-toad, but from the blows the liver comes out of its mouth; receives an axe-red parrot from an ancestor, fells a tree; throws chips into the water, they turn into fish; from one chip he carves a woman, gives her as a wife to Hitoma (the Sun); turns into a kestrel, flies away to the sky]: 170-188; Yépez 1982 [Aime Hurama has a daughter; Husido Bunaima came to chew coca, asked her to marry him; AH with his wife and daughter went to the plot; when they returned, HM became a bird, the daughter asked him to catch it, kept it in a basket; when they came again, the bird was gone, and HM was a man; they decided that he took the bird; the next night AH and HB chewed coca again; HB: you have to endure it; but AH still went out to urinate; HS: since you do not want coca, tobacco, you cannot endure it, you will eat earth, dry wood; AH's daughter Monayaterisay was sitting on a mat; HB made his way to her from below in the form of a worm, conceived a son Husitofe (cassava); the mother sent M. to bring water in a sieve for sifting cassava flour, found a worm, poured boiling water on him; In a dream, HB told M. to put the child she was going to give birth to in a pot, cover it with a leaf, make a cake from the foam that rose, and not show it to her parents; they saw an ant running with a piece of cassava, and learned that their daughter had cassava; M. told them not to sleep, and to keep an eye on the child; a cassava tree grew out of the child, with pineapples, caimo, aguacate, and other fruits on its branches; a lake grew up with the tree, and the fruits fell into the water; the old woman Rat got them; AH's father began to look for an axe; a woodpecker axe, a bird axe with a hard beak, an ordinary axe, a toad axe, and a piranha axe were no good; he woke up his uncle the fox with difficulty; he took a knife and cut the liana by which the tree was tied to the sky; when a tree fell, the fox injured his throat, the sons of AH smeared the wound with yellow medicine, since then the foxes' throats have been yellow; as a reward, the foxes are allowed to eat the fruits in the gardens; AH collected oil from the water, brought it,planted, cassava grew; from the same lake and tree ritual songs and paraphernalia]: 63-69; uitoto [before there was cassava, people ate ants and mushrooms]: Rodríguez de Montes 1981: 205;okayna [the virgin Amena Kog(oe)n became pregnant by a snake that crawled out of a hole in the ground to her, bringing her much food; her mother noticed a hole in the floor, poured boiling water into it, the snake died; in a dream, its spirit told her to leave the son she would bear at the head of a ravine; four days later, a giant tree was found there; on its branches were sweet and bitter cassava, corn, peanuts, and other fruits; the girl ate them, and other people ate the earth; when she told them, the people cut down the tree, planted fruits; where the tree fell, a spring gushed out; as punishment for cutting it down, people have been dying ever since]: Girard 1958: 133-134, 137 [this is the first woman]; 1961: 130.

Central Amazonia. Mundurucu [before the advent of agriculture and hunting, people ate wild tubers and tree mushrooms]: Kruse 1944-1946, no. 12: 619.

Eastern Amazonia. Xipaya [there were no cultivated plants, people ate rotten wood; hunters see a snake in the forest; they touch it, showing where each piece is, it sticks; the snake crawls away with them into the river, the people are eaten by piranhas; those who remain in the village find the snake in the forest, burn it; cassava, corn, sweet potato, etc. grow from the ashes]: Nimuendaju 1920: 1033-1034; Urubu [the first people eat rotten wood, vomit digested food through the mouth, women have no vagina; Anavira (arose from a nut-bearing tree of the same name) pierces the anuses and vaginas with a sharp stick; penises were small, A. enlarged them; he did not order copulation in public; he showed how to clear a plot and plant cassava]: Huxley 1956: 171.

Central Andes. Quechua Jura (Southern Bolivia) [the first people (chullpas) lived by the light of the moon, grew stones in the fields; their lord was the moon god; when our god Tyusninchis (sun) appeared, he destroyed the chullpas with a rain of fire]: Rasnake 1988: 143.

Montaña - Jurua. Ashaninka (Campa of the Pajonal region) [there were no cultivated plants, people ate earth; the father left his daughter in a cave for the period of her first menstruation; in the darkness Manchákori (Moon) came; at that time the girl was chewing plants to regulate her menstruation, spat at the arrival, spots remained on the face of the Moon; M. gave forest fruits; when the girl's parents returned, let them take them in order; but they mixed them up, now everything in the forest is mixed up; when the Moon appeared, people ran, turned into earthworms; others into animals (in particular into a marten); the girl's mother, father, younger brother remained; when the girl began to give birth, the Moon told her to grab onto a tree that bloomed at the beginning of summer; she grabbed onto the wrong one, burned up, giving birth to the red-hot Sun; the Sun had a tail, the Moon cut it off, made people from the pieces; from the smallest – Ashaninka; the Moon ordered the father of the girl Maonte to take the Sun; if it burns, throw it on the ground; he threw it into the water, so fogs appeared; Maonte became a bird with a black back; the Moon himself also rose to the sky]: Varese 1970: 167; Machiguenga: Baer 1984, No. 1 [people eat earth; a girl has her first period; her mother leaves her in the hut, tells her not to go out, goes to fetch edible earth, calling it cassava; at this time the Moon comes to the girl, gives her real cassava; she is accepted into the family, works the garden, on it there is cassava, as well as corn, bananas, Sachpapa, Dale-Dale; the Moon's wife gives birth to a son-Sun; when pregnant again, she dies in childbirth; the mother-in-law in a rage throws blood in her son-in-law's face, since then there are spots on the Moon; the Moon promises that the dead woman will be reborn, but she does not believe, tells him to eat her daughter, since he killed her; he cuts a tapir (=wife or her soul); takes his son to heaven, he becomes the Sun (which of the sons is not entirely clear); at first the Sun is motionless, the rivers dry up, the children die; shamans ask him to move, the alternation of day and night begins]: 423-424; García 1942 [there were no cultivated plants; people ate potter's clay; having no teeth, they pecked at it like chickens; a girl sits in a menstruation hut, the Moon (Kashiri) brings her boiled cassava, teaches her to chew; the parents are happy with their son-in-law; the Moon does not give cassava to another girl, who is also menstruating; she throws blood in his face, the stains are still visible; the Moon takes his wife to bathe in the river, a fish touches her, she becomes pregnant, gives birth to four sons in succession; these are Pariáchiri (Sun), Sarípoto (Venus), Kientiámpa (sun of the lower world, shines weakly), Koriénti (Kiénti, Tábanti) - the sun of the uppermost world, illuminating and warming the celestials; from him the stars take their shine; at each birth the Moon plants pumpkins; at the last pregnancy they wither; the child is hot, the wife dies of burns; the woman's mother said in anger that after the Moon killed her daughter, he had no choice but to eat the corpse; the Moon resurrected his wife, but she (her soul) decided to go to the lower world, leaving the body on earth; then the Moon reluctantly ate the corpse and painted his face red, establishing a funeral custom (endocannibalism); he liked human flesh; now, through the fault of the old woman, the Moon became a devourer of corpses and decided to move away from people; his third son began to live in the lower world; this sun is evil and weak; it sends rains at a time when it is necessary to burn vegetation on the site; with the other sons the Moon ascended to the sky; the last one was too hot, the stones on the earth cracked from the heat; therefore the Moon placed him so high that it is impossible to see him from the earth; only our Sun and Venus live with the Moon; the Moon has placed a trap on the river for the corpses to fall into (the Machiguenga throw the dead into the river); a toad watches the trap and as soon as a corpse falls into it, it informs the Moon; he runs up, kills (that's it!) the corpse with a blow of a club, cuts off, fries and eats the limbs; the rest turns into a tapir; only the daughters of the Moon remain on earth - cultivated plants (cassava, sweet potato, corn, bananas, etc.; if people scatter peelings, do not clean the tubers well, etc., the cassava girl cries and complains to her father; if cassava is eaten without anything or with only hot pepper, the cassava girl gets angry:she is left alone or burned; if eaten with meat or fish, the daughter of the Moon is pleased; she is especially happy when beer is made from cassava; the same with other plants-daughters of the Moon; if they are mistreated, the Moon will take them to itself and people will have to eat earth again]: 230-233;matses [before the advent of cultivated plants, people ate clay; there was no fire, clay, resembling cassava flour, was baked in the sun; the paujil bird (Mitu tomentosa) gave people cassava, baban, corn, peach palm and other cultivated plants]: Erikson 1994: 80 (retold in Matusovsky 2019: 249); cashinahua [people eat earth; Squirrel takes the form of a man, marries a woman, grows all kinds of cultivated plants; all the work is done by herself; the wife cheats on Squirrel with her ex-husband; Squirrel turns into a bat, cuts off his penis, carries him away; the man dies; Squirrel mixes pieces of his penis with tapir meat, gives it to his wife to eat; she gets sick; people try to kill Squirrel, he turns into a squirrel, runs away; arrows pierce vessels with supplies, into plants in the garden; the supplies turn into wasps' nests, the cultivated plants into weeds]: d'Ans 1975: 172-186; sharanaua [people eat mud and shrimp, Squirrel has corn; he marries two girls, works in his father-in-law's garden; he made holes in the ground with a stick, the water from the river went away, he collected shrimp, then the water returned; a mouse, a paca and other rodents help him in the garden; the next day the cassava and corn are already ripe; the father-in-law, despite the warning, comes to the garden and drives away the rodents, thinking that they are stealing the harvest; one of the two wives takes a lover; Squirrel turns into a bat, bites through the rope of the hammock in which the lovers are lying, they fall; later bites off the penis of the lover, he dies; he gives the fried penis to his wife, she eats, suffers from thirst, dies; The squirrel turns into a bat and flies away]: Siskind 1973: 123-125.

Southern Amazonia. Rikbaktsa [the first people eat tapir excrement, tree fungi (Polyporus sanguineus)]: Pereira 1994, No. 1 [they do not know bow and arrow; they also eat cassava], 19 [they do not know cultivated tubers and peanuts]: 17, 152-155.

Eastern Brazil. Kayapo : Wilbert 1978, no. 76 [Metraux 1960: 17-18; the thunderer Bepkororoti married Rain, they had a daughter Na-Kra ("rain" - "child"); the mother quarreled with her, beat her, she came down to earth, the young man Ngodyure hid her in a calabash, carried her home; took her out at night to sleep with her; the mother-in-law opened the calabash, shaved her daughter-in-law's head, painted her with genipa and uruku; NK gave birth to a boy, he was always hungry; people ate rotten wood and fruit; NK climbed a palm tree to the sky, brought sweet potatoes and bananas from the sky; her father told her son-in-law that NK would stay with him if he did not beat her; the husband and wife planted crops], 77 [Banner 1957: 40-41; there was no fruit or fire, people ate rotten wood, lizards; rain Rain came down from the sky, the young man saw her, she said that her parents had offended her; the young man hid his wife in a closed basket; the mother found her, shaved the top of her head, painted her with genipa and uruku, they called her Nhokpôkti; she ordered the area to be cleared, brought from the sky bananas, cassava, sweet potatoes, yams; when her son grew up, she returned to the sky forever], 127 [Metraux 1960: 14-16; there was no corn, people ate wild fruits, avocados, wood and lizards; there was no fire, they dried meat in the sun; Having learned that his wife had a lover, the husband decided not to fight him, but took his wife behind two mountains; cleared a plot of land, planted corn, cassava, yams, bananas; turned into a snake with a human head; brought a tapir, a peccary, an armadillo from hunting; the lover came, the wife hid him under the roof; returning to the village, she told about what she saw; he also came to look, but when the snake asked who was there, the snake ate him; the men killed the snake with arrows, burned the house, took away the cultivated plants; the snake's wife gave birth to snakes twice; people killed those born in the village, those born in the forest crawled away; their mother told them to bite people, since they killed their father]: 217-218, 219-220, 314-316; apinaye: Wilbert 1978, #74 [the young man's wife died; he cried, looking at the sky; the Star disappeared and appeared next to him on the plaza; after the fifth night the young man agreed to marry her; he hides his wife in a calabash, his sister finds her, he announces his new marriage; people ate rotten wood, leaves, game and coconuts; the Star ordered the plot to be prepared, brought yams, bananas, sweet potatoes, corn, rice, beans, peanuts, etc. from the sky, taught them how to cook all this, as well as how to weave mats and baskets; finding her husband with an earthly girl, she returned to the sky; if this had not happened, the Star would have brought other valuables from the sky], 75 [the young man's wife died; he looks at the sky, dreams of a star coming down to him; a frog jumps towards him, he throws it off, falls asleep; when he wakes up, a girl is nearby, she was the star and the frog; the next night she brought sweet potatoes and yams, people at that time were eating rotten wood; he hides her in a calabash; his younger brother finds her, she is ashamed; after this the young man openly lives with her; she goes with her husband's mother, jumps on her shoulder three times in the form of an opossum; explains that she wants to point out the tree on which all kinds of corn grow, so that people no longer eat rotten wood; the men began to cut down the tree, when they moved away, the clearing was overgrown; the boys were sent for better axes, on the way they killed and ate an opossum, turned into old men; the shaman poured water on them and returned their youth; the people cut down the tree, the Star showed how to grow corn; after the death of her husband, she returned to the sky]: 212-214, 215-216; collapse: Wilbert 1978, no. 57 [Schultz 1950: 72-74; only Pud and Pudleré (Sun and Moon) have fire, they have ascended to the sky; people bake meat in the sun, eat puba wood; the husband of a ten-year-old boy's sister told him to climb a rock to get a mako parrot from its nest; he removed the ladder and left; the boy suffers from the dirt in the nest; Jaguar sees his shadow, tells him to jump, catches him, brings him to himself, washes him, gives him food cooked on the fire; his pregnant wife frightens the boy; Jaguar gives him a bow, tells him to shoot if his wife threatens him again; the boy shoots her in the paws, runs home; people take fire from Jaguar], 70 [Schultz 1950: 75-79; people had fire and meat, but no cassava, they ate rotten wood with meat; the star woman Katxeré decided to descend to a lonely young man, to give people food; she turned into a frog, the young man threw her away, she appeared as a girl, told him to hide her in a calabash in the morning; in the calabash she was a frog, he opened it - a girl; the young man's sister opened it, after that he did not hide his wife; she showed a tree by the water, on which all kinds of corn grew, the cobs fell into the water; people were afraid to eat, K. taught; others saw a piece of flatbread from the boy, cut down the tree; K. showed wild edible fruits; while the husband was hunting, another man raped K.; she made a drink from the bark, brought it to the plaza, everyone drank it and died; K. returned to the sky, the cultivated plants remained], 71 [Schultz 1950: 80-83; Young men of 15-16 years old spend the night on the plaza; only one is without a wife; with him was a girl-Star; in the morning she became small, he hid her in a calabash; his five-year-old sister opened it, after that the young man stopped hiding his wife; people ate rotten wood and termite nests; they planted corn, but did not know that it was edible; the Star collected the cobs, made cakes; brought from the sky cassava, watermelons, rice, sweet potatoes, yams, peanuts, planted everything; gave birth to a son; taught how to harvest and cook], 72 [Schultz 1950: 85-86; one young man is not married, slept on the plaza; brushed off a frog, she became a girl, was a star descended from the sky; in the morning he hides his wife in a calabash; his little sister opened her, the young man announced that he was married; his wife ordered him to take her to the river to bathe; there she saw a tree on which corn grew; she ordered it to be cut down, the cobs to be collected, and it to be sown; at night she brought yams, bananas, cassava, and peanuts from the sky; she taught them how to plant; while her husband was away, five young men raped her; she spat in their mouths, and they died; she returned to the sky to her parents]: 160-163, 194-200, 201-205, 206-208; ramkokamekra[there were no edible plants, they ate rotten wood with meat; the ugly youth Túkti was staring at a star, a frog jumped at him, he brushed it off, it returned, turned into a girl; during the day he began to hide his wife in a calabash, his younger brother discovered it, the lovers stopped hiding; the wife asked to be brought to water, she showed corn by the river, people did not know that it was edible, she baked cakes; they decided to clear the area, a boy was sent for an axe, he saw an old man baking a possum, tried it, and became an old man himself; the star would have told other secrets, but T. insisted on copulation; she went out onto the plaza and sang, then went up to the sky with her husband]: Wilbert 1978, no. 73: 209-211; xavante [a woman heard voices in the forest, saw corn cobs and parrot droppings under a tree; the corn grew on the branches of the tree, the higher the tree, the more cobs there were; the woman climbed up, threw the cobs down, put the big ones on the bottom of the basket, the small ones on top, and showed them only to her father at home; people used to eat rotten wood, cassava; people saw the woman’s children eating tortillas; her father told the others; cassava was also growing in the forest at the time; the woman led the men to the tree, they collected the cobs, brought them to the village, and the parrots were left without food]: Wilbert, Simoneau 1984a, no. 45: 137-145; suya : Frikel 1990 [people eat rotten wood; a woman bathes a child in the river; The rat turns into a man, gets corn, cassava and other cultivated plants from the water, gives them to the woman (the origin of agriculture)]: 41-42; Wilbert, Simoneau 1984a, No. 37 (beiso de pau) [the boy's sister's husband called him to get mako chicks; he climbed a tree along an attached pole; when asked what the chicks' feathers were like, he replied that they were like the pubic hair of his uncle's wife; he threw the pole aside and left; the Jaguar asked for the chicks, the boy threw them down to him; the Jaguar brought him home, there was a fire; the boy returned to the village; the animal-people went to get the fire; while the Jaguar and the Jaguar woman were sleeping, their eyes were plugged with wax; they carried a smoldering log in a relay race; the Nandu passed it to the Deer, he passed it to the Frog, she dropped it in the water, the fire went out; but Tukan, Kirikiri, Sokreste and Kurassu, who now had red feathers on their throats, swallowed the coals, then vomited them up; Tapir carried the log; in the village everyone got his share; they no longer ate rotten wood, they began to cook meat, fish, manioc]: 108-110.