I20c1. Dwarfs are the inhabitants of rocks and hills. .16.27.28.31.32.35.

Dwarfs do not live deep underground, but inside hills, in rocks, in mines, etc., and usually come out from there onto the ground.

Bretons, French (Auvergne, Gers), Scots, Irish, Germans (Schleswig, Rügen, Brandenburg, Saxony, Hesse, Hanover, East Prussia, Upper Palatinate, Swabia, Alsace, Switzerland, Austria), Frisians, Dutch, Croats, Hungarians, Kashubians, Lusatians, Poles, Faroese, Icelanders, Norwegians, Swedes, Danes, East Saami (Inari), Finns, Livs, Komi, Nenets.

Western Europe. Bretons [in winter a shoemaker and his wife became very poor, because in the muddy season people wore wooden shoes; in the evening, in bad weather, there was a knock on the door; it was the old woman Katell, who was considered a witch; she said that no one else in the whole village opened the door for her; in the morning she decided to reward the owner: he would find a key and a ring in the chimney; the key would unlock the dolmen, and the ring, if turned, made it invisible; one could go down and take the treasures of the dwarves (korrigans); but if the candle went out, the shoemaker would not come back; he unlocked the dolmen, went down the stairs; there was a hall with treasures, the local king was on the throne; having collected the valuables, the shoemaker went back, but decided to go down again to take more; the candle burned out, the key and ring lost their power; the dwarves decided to overwhelm the shoemaker with gold; Katell entered in her true form: a beauty, a ruler; she took pity on the shoemaker, ordered him to go free and gave him a self-assembling iron dish]: Brekilien 1999: 181-188; the French (Auvergne) [stepmother Séraphine tyrannizes her stepdaughter Isabeau; I. has a fiancé, Pierre; tired of the beatings, I. left and fell asleep under some rock; at midnight a dwarf with a huge gray beard crawled out from under the rock; and then dwarfs and dwarves crawled out from under all the rocks; they began to dance and sing the same line; they said that they were sinful souls, condemned to sing at midnight; I. added a line, the dwarfs are happy, ready to fulfill the wish; I. wants to see P.; The dwarfs gave her a ring: touch the stepmother with it, and she would go to the garden to count cabbage, and you would go to P.; but Pierre I. soon got tired of it and left her for Miette; I. went to the dwarfs again and asked them to make her beautiful; the dwarf put her necklace on her; seeing I., the people were amazed by her beauty and followed her; the stepmother rushed with a stick, but I. managed to put the necklace on her neck; after that, people began to almost crush the stepmother, she became attractive to everyone; she threw the necklace on the ground; everyone began to laugh at her; P.: I found a rich woman, I will not return to you; I. again to the dwarfs; they made it so that her tears turned into pearls or diamonds; when the stepmother began to beat her, the pearls and diamonds filled all the vessels; P. saw and began to strangle the stepmother; [from the resentment that the jewels might not go to her, she died; I. and P. lived in love]: Sébillot 2004, No. 1: 8-15; the French(Zher) [in caves and in the depths of the earth live little men no more than a foot tall; they have long hair and beards, they wear shaggy caps, red suits and silver shoes; they will live until the end of the world, after which they will die and will not be resurrected on the Day of the Last Judgment; they are kind, but turn purple with anger when they see or hear geese; geese, if they see little men, rush to peck them; now little men do not dare to go out on the ground, fearing evil people and geese who offend them; once a year on Christmas Eve from sunset to midnight the earth will bear various fruits and cattle for the dwarfs; at this time they must collect everything and put it underground; then they must take out heaps of gold coins to the ground for a short time; if this is not done, the gold will turn red and the dwarfs will throw it away]: Carlin 1991: 247-248; Scots [a blacksmith's 14-year-old son is healthy and alert, but suddenly falls ill, turns yellow, becomes old, but eats a lot; a witch doctor says that the elves have replaced him; let the blacksmith fill many eggshells with water and start arranging them around the hearth with an important air; imaginary son: I am 800 years old, but I have never seen anything like it; witch doctor: make a fire near the changeling's bed, throw him into the fire, he will fly out through the roof; and so it happened; witch doctor: take a sleeping rooster and go to the elves' cave; in the cave the blacksmith demanded his son; the elves burst out laughing, the rooster woke up and began to crow; the elves in a rage threw the blacksmith and his son out of the cave; at home for a year the boy kept silent; one day he saw his father making a sword for a chieftain; he said that such a sword could not be made like that, and he made one that no one had ever seen before; he became a famous blacksmith, he and his father became rich]: Montgomerie, Montgomerie 2023: 85-87; Irish [one autumn evening a girl named Síofra on the island of Aran went to fetch water, slipped at a spring and found herself in an unfamiliar place - no spring, no trees; there was a fire on a hill, and around it people two feet tall; she walked towards them and as she approached, she became just as small; a handsome prince seemed to appear from the flames; he invited her to dance, and then they went down to a banqueting hall at the end of the hill; when S. was about to take a sip of wine, one of the courtiers discreetly warned her not to drink or eat anything, otherwise she would not be able to return to earth; seeing that S. was neither eating nor drinking, the assembled people began to scold and crowd her; the man thrust into her hand a bag of poison sumac leaves (Toxicodendron), which drives away spirits; she began to climb up the stairs, and the walls of the passageway came together; when she climbed out, the passageway closed; her mother was surprised that S. had returned so quickly; S. sewed her talisman into her clothes and never parted with it]: O'Farrell 1997: 18-22; Irish [The aos sí, a supernatural race of faerie people who live in their own magical underworld hidden away from the prying eyes of humans. The daoine sídhe (meaning people of the mound ) can be both helpful friends and terrible foes to their human neighbours. The entrance to their world is often marked by mounds of grass, rings of mushrooms or special trees to protect their existence from being discovered. If you see such an occurrence, bestowing a small gift of milk, fruit or baked goods is said to please the creatures, while attempts to damage or enter their homes will incur the full wrath of the “Fair Folk”]: The Faerie Folk of Ireland by Mary Moore, 02.09.2020 (https://irish-at-heart.com/blogs/news/the-faerie-folk-of-ireland); Germans (Rügen Island) [dwarfs are white, brown and black; the black ones do all sorts of mischief, the others are harmless; the brown ones live in the seven mountains of Rügen and the old ones in two; they have cheerful music, a lot of food and drink; steal the most beautiful children to serve them, but cannot keep them longer than 50 years; those released look 20; if you steal something from a dwarf, he will serve and the thief will become rich]: Temme 1840, No. 221: 260-261; Germans (Schleswig) [little people live underground, especially in old burial mounds; they no longer exist - the Wild Hunt destroyed them]: Müllenhoff 1845, No. 445: 298; Germans (Schleswig) [at night a husband and wife were walking past a hill; they saw little men the size of a chair leg following one another; in front was a similar rider on a tiny horse, wearing a high pointed hat on his head; the couple said: all good spirits love the Lord; At these words the rider turned into a giant, the dwarfs turned and disappeared into the mountain]: Müllenhoff 1845, no. 446: 300; Germans (Brandenburg/Saxony – Mark) [dwarfs are underground creatures; they replace human babies; they live in old ruins]: Kuhn 1843: 372; Germans (Hesse) [near Paschenburg they show a deep cave in which dwarfs lived; the wife of an official suspected her husband of infidelity and began to follow him; she followed him into the cave and saw her husband next to a dwarf; she led him out and made him promise not to enter the cave again; soon after this the dwarf climbed to the top of the mountain and cried out: the dwarf is dead; after this the beer in the local village went bad; it was brewed by dwarfs, entering the brewery through an underground passage; and the dwarfs were never heard of again]: Lyncker 1854: 55-56; Germans (from Dorthen Wild, Hesse) [a girl, while cleaning the owners' room, found a letter on the floor and brought it to the landlady to read; the letter contained an invitation from the elves to baptize a child; the landlady advised her to agree; the girl was brought inside the mountain, where a woman in labor was on a rich bed; having baptized the child, the girl stayed for another three days; as a farewell, the elves filled her pockets with gold; upon returning, the girl wanted to continue working, but strangers came out; it turned out that she had been with the elves for 7 years and the previous owners had died during this time]: Grimm, Grimm 2002, No. 39.2: 140-141 (=Grimm, Grimm 1987: 124); Germans (Hanover) [a drummer, a corporal and a sergeant spent the night in a tree in the forest; the sergeant saw a light in the distance; they came to a castle; there the table was laid; at midnight a roar, and then silence again; they stayed there to live; they cook in turns; a bearded dwarf appears, asks for food, beats the cook; when it is the sergeant's turn, he pulls out part of the dwarf's beard, depriving him of strength; they follow a bloody trail to a hole; they lower the drummer first - the rope is short; they take a longer one, the corporal climbs - same thing; sergeant, a long rope, he went down, there is an old woman; she directed to the eldest kidnapped princess; she gave strong water, and to the giant who came - sleepy; the sergeant cut off his head, the princess gave her handkerchief with a silver star; the same with the second princess (she gave a golden apple); with the youngest a seven-headed dragon; the battle lasts three days, the princess gives everyone strong water to drink; the sergeant cuts off all seven heads, takes their tongues, the princess gives them a handkerchief with diamond stars; the companions lift up only the princesses; the sergeant descends to the world below this one, where the dwarfs live; they are ready to make the sergeant their king, but they cannot lift him up to the ground; they advise him to turn to an old woman, she has a vulture; the sergeant feeds her in flight; on the ground he appears at the wedding of the two older princesses; the companions tell them to call them saviors; the soldier tells everything, shows their tongues, handkerchiefs, an apple; marries the youngest princess; forgave the companions and married them to the older ones]: Wolf 1845, no. 21: 93-105; Germans (East Prussia) [a peasant's daughter does not want to and does not know how to spin; when her father began to beat her with a broom, the king rode by; the father explains that she spins so much that she cannot stop; The king took the girl, made her look decent and left her alone with a mountain of yarn; an underground dwarf appeared; he promised to spin everything in three days, but in return the girl would become his wife; she could avoid marrying him if she named his name; his name was Ettle-Bettle, but by morning she would forget his name; and so it happened; at supper the girl was gloomier than a cloud, and the young king told how he noticed the stirring of leaves in the forest; a dwarf crawled out from under the ground, began to dance and sing: no one knew that his name was Ettle-Bettle; the girl pretended to fall asleep, but when the dwarf came, she named his name; the dwarf jumped out of the window head first and knocked down part of the wall; he forgot his magic wand; the girl took it, restored the window and the wall, and then began to create pieces of furniture in the room; young king married a girl]: Lemke 1887, No. 23: 128-131; Germans (Switzerland, Bern) [previously in mountain crevices, under rocks lived good dwarfs; were on good terms with people]: Kohlrusch 1854, No. 4: 11-18; Germans(Swabia): Meier 1852b, No. 8.2 [an underground dwarf came for a midwife; the priest allowed her to agree; the dwarf blindfolded her and brought her; the newborn was immediately baptized in an underground church; the midwife was given drei Briefchen, to open only at home; she opened two on the street, there were straws; she opened the last one in the house - ducats; later the dwarf invited her again, reproached her for not fulfilling his instructions, rewarded her again], 67 [an underground dwarf came to the midwife, asked her to deliver his wife; allowed her to take her husband with her; they entered the mountain through an underground passage; the dwarf ordered her not to drink or eat anything; as a reward he gave coals; on the way back the woman quietly threw them on the ground, but her husband brought them into the house; the coals turned out to be gold], 69-78 [other texts describing underground dwarfs - some white, others black]: 17-18, 59-61, 61-71; Germans (Alsace) [dwarfs lived in a cave and in mountain crevices; all their utensils and tools were silver; they were eternally young]: Stöber 1851, no. 2: 4; Germans (Bavaria: Upper Palatinate) [dwarfs live inside a mountain; often come out to help people; God commanded them to do so]: Schönwerth 1858, no. 16: 291; Germans (Swabia): Meier 1852b, no. 8.1 [a man called for a midwife and quickly brought her in a carriage to the mountain; after the birth and the feast he gave her a box, telling her to open it only at home; the box was light; the midwife could not resist and, shining a lantern, opened it; there were three straws, she dropped one; the same again; in the morning, instead of the last straw, there was gold inside], 8.2 [an underground dwarf came for the midwife; the priest allowed her to agree; the dwarf blindfolded her and brought her; the newborn was immediately baptized in an underground church; the midwife was given drei Briefchen, let her open it only at home; she opened two on the street, there were straws; the last one she opened in the house - ducats; later the dwarf invited her again, reproached her for not fulfilling his instructions, rewarded her again], 67 [an underground dwarf came to the midwife, asked her to deliver his wife; he allowed her to take her husband with her; they went inside the mountain through an underground passage; the dwarf told her not to drink or eat anything; he gave coals as a reward; on the way back the woman quietly threw them on the ground, but her husband brought them into the house; the coals turned out to be gold]: 16, 17-18, 59-61; Germans (Austria) [a man follows the dwarfs; a door opens inside the rock; there is a marble hall with a silver floor and the king of the dwarfs sits on the throne]: Vernaleken 1859, No. 33: 210-212; friezes(Western): Clement 1846: 166 [underground (dwarfs) no taller than a table, wear a red cap; tend to swap newborn babies; can take revenge if they are accidentally offended], 331 [Jesus went to a woman; she showed him her 5 beautiful children, and hid the 5 ugly ones in the cellar; said that there were no other children; Jesus cursed the hidden ones: what was below, let it remain below; going down into the cellar, the woman found no one else there; a small underground people comes from them]; Dutch [returning home, a blacksmith sees dancing gnomes; they throw their caps up and catch them with their feet; at the appointed time they disappeared into a crevice , but one of his caps got caught on a branch and he could not reach it; the blacksmith gave him the cap; the dwarf offers a diamond, but the blacksmith refuses, because the gifts of the dwarves do not bring happiness; the dwarf promises to thank the blacksmith in a different way (his service was important, because, having lost the cap, the dwarf is deprived of the right to go out on the earth for five years); when no one is there, the dwarves work in the forge; the blacksmith decided to order a green caftan, trousers and a hat from the tailor, gave them to the dwarf; after that, the dwarves did not appear in the forge anymore]: https://skazkufentazu.ru/gollandskie-narodnie-skazki/kuznec-i-gnomy.html; the Dutch [kobolds live in mountain caves and are especially dangerous for those who search for metals or treasures]: Wolf 1849, No. 230: 327.

Balkans. Croats (Austria) [when a daughter was born, a rich miller fell out of love with his three sons; the eldest brother went to look for dwarfs who had a city with treasures underground in the mountains; the dwarfs took him away, made him work and barely fed him; the middle brother went to look for the eldest, the same thing happened to him; the youngest tore the dwarf's cap off and thus gained complete power over the dwarfs; they gave him treasures, returned his brothers, and also gave him an elixir that instills love; they gave it to the father to drink and he fell in love with his sons]: Neweklowsky, Gaál 1983, no. 16: 77-81; Hungarians [dwarfs live in mines; they help miners (give them treasures, warn them of collapses) if they treat them with respect, and punish the greedy; those who die in mines are transformed into spirits (not dwarfs)]: Bihari 1980: 216.

Central Europe. Kashubians [dwarfs live underground - fractional , they are also krosniata ; ancient burials with cremations belong to them; they live under the floor of a hut, barn or shed; among them are people of both sexes and all ages; they celebrate weddings under the floor of the tavern; they wear a red cap, sort out money, spin, like it if you bring them milk in a nutshell; if the cap is torn off their head, they will bring money for the ransom; they substitute newborn unbaptized children; stolen children become priests among the krosniata, and the children of the krosniata among people are dwarfs]: Hilferding 1862: 67-69; Lusatians [dwarfs live in forest pits, in cellars, under the floor; they are the first people who lived before the Slavs, or evil angels who fell to the earth; they moved underground with the spread of Christianity; they died from the ringing of bells; they play pranks; they taught people to build houses; they are good blacksmiths; they often sing and dance; they have their own farm underground; they grind grain between two stones; they put dough between two flat stones and wait for it to harden; they keep treasures]: Levkievskaya 1999: 471; Lusatians [dwarfs live in the mountains, caves, under stumps, in mouse holes, graves, under the stove, under the hearth, under the floor]: Levkievskaya 1999: 471.

Baltoscandia. Faroese : Jiriczek 1882, No. 1 [the dwarfs are small, beardless, live in large stones and in stone scatterings; they are benevolent, but do not like the presence of people in their habitats; then they can cause harm; they are the best blacksmiths, from them people learned to temper steel in cold water; the strength of the dwarfs is in their belt; if you take away the belt, the dwarf is ready to work for the thief as a blacksmith or give him treasures, just to return the belt; if ashes are found under stones, then they were left by dwarf blacksmiths; one man was digging peat and saw how a stone opened up, and inside it was a dwarf forge; when the man came closer, the dwarf threw him a knife that cuts everything], 2 [Huldern (they are also dwarfs-álvar) are taller, live in the hills; ways of making themselves and everything they own invisible to people; [they swap babies; their girls sometimes steal earthly boys]: 1, 2; Icelanders [the old man hunted and fished, the old woman spun; she had a golden top on her spinning wheel; one day it fell and could not be found; the old man decided that the elf Kidhus, who lived in the neighboring hill, had taken it; he went to the hill and began to knock; the elf from underground asks who is there and what is needed; he gives a cow for the top, from which 10 buckets of milk are milked daily; one day the old woman thought that flour was good with milk; the elf gave it; they made a mash, but did not finish it and decided that the remainder could be given to the Holy Virgin; the old man began to ask the elf for a swallow to climb to heaven; at first he did not want to give it (was it not enough for the top?), but, having learned what the ladder was needed for, he gave it; the old men climbed to heaven; the wind blew and they fell, breaking their heads; the yellow spots on the stones are their brains, and the white ones are that chatter]: Poestion 1884, No. 5: 41-44; Icelanders [a king named Mani had a daughter, Mjadveig; when her mother died, the king went to look for a new wife; on the island there was a woman with her daughter; she said that she herself was a queen, and that her husband had been killed by enemies, and she had fled to the island; the king brought her to him; the new queen took her daughter and offered M. to go for a walk; then to exchange clothes with her daughter; by witchcraft she gave her daughter the appearance of M., and tied her up and abandoned her; in a dream her mother came to M., untied her and gave her a handkerchief, which contained an inexhaustible supply of food; the queen sent her daughter to check what had become of M.; she began to tell M. that her mother was to blame for everything, snatched the handkerchief and ran away; M.'s mother in a dream taught her to find a house on the sea, which contained everything necessary for life; one day she saw approaching ships, rushed into the house and lost her golden slipper; on the ship was a prince who had sailed to free M.; The slipper was tried on by everyone; the stepmother cut off her daughter's toes and heel, after which the slipper fit her foot; the prince married her, but heard birds singing; birds: there is blood in the slipper, M., daughter of King Mani, here by the sea (and not in the city); the prince touched the imaginary M. with a magic wand, she turned into a monster; they killed him, salted 40 barrels of meat; the prince found the real M.; the queen does not want to eat anything, but when she was offered salted beef, she ate all 10 barrels of her daughter's meat in 10 days; she was blown up on the ship where the barrels of meat were; the prince brought M. to his kingdom; after the death of his father, he reigned; M. gave birth to a son; she went to wash, but forgot the soap; she sent a servant for him; a woman appeared (it was the sister of the monster queen) and offered to exchange clothes; then took the form of M., and sent her under the water to her brother; everything in the kingdom began to wither; soon the shepherd accidentally saw a glass palace rise from under the water, and in it M. with a chain around her neck; the shepherd put a ring on the finger of the dwarf's son; the dwarf came out of the stone and asked how he could thank him for it ; the shepherd asked to explain what he had seen; dwarf: M. is bewitched, will appear above the water only once more; the chain must be cut; gave an axe; when M. appeared, the shepherd began to cut the chain; then the brother of the monster woman appeared; the dwarf threw something in his eyes, he went blind and died; the imaginary M. was touched with a magic wand, she became a monster, she was executed; the shepherd brought the real M.; all is well]: Poestion 1994, No. 9: 62-74; Swedes : Hyltén-Cavallius, Stephens 1848: 123-141 [a long text in which the shepherd is assisted by small elves], 255-274 {who the little men-helpers who come out of the stone are is not explained, but the imagery is similar to Icelandic and Faroese} [the king and queen are childless; the queen loved sea voyages; the ship suddenly stopped; a voice: give me what is under your belt; she agreed, not knowing that she was pregnant; the ship sailed again; when the king learned what was the matter, he assured his wife that he would protect her from the siren (Meerweib); the prince has grown up, plays with two cousins ​​- the sons of a neighboring king; his horse carried him out to sea and they disappeared in the waves; the prince at the bottom of the sea follows a path to the golden castle of the siren, the mistress of the wind and waves; the siren appoints him her page; if he serves well, he will return to his parents; first task: wash white yarn black and black yarn white; princess: my name is Messeria; promise to be faithful to me, I will do everything; but don’t tell anyone; she called her mother’s little men, each took one fiber and washed it properly; second task: separate two types of grain (wheat and Korn); the little men separated; third task: clean the barn in which oxen had stood for 20 years; now the young man must choose one of her daughters; all of them are in the form of different animals; the princess warned that she would be a cat; the siren sent the young man to her sister to take a wedding dress for her daughter from her; M.: there will be a grate in the gate, grease it with ointment from this horn, you will be able to open the gate; then two men will chop oak with wooden axes, give them iron ones; then two others will thresh with iron flails - give them wooden ones; give meat to two eagles; do not eat anything from the siren's sister; the prince did everything; discreetly hid the offered food; but the food responded to the siren's sister's question: I am here, under the bed; the next time the prince hid the food in the oven - the same thing; the third time he hid it under the clothes on his body; the siren's sister believed that the prince ate everything; gave a box with wedding dresses; when the prince left, the siren's sister successively ordered the guards (eagles, woodcutters, etc.) to detain him, but they answer that he helped them and they will not detain him; on the way to the siren, the prince opened the box, although M. did not order this; a sheaf of sparks burst out; the prince remembered the little men whom M. called; knocked on the stone, asked them to help; they jumped out, each grabbed a spark and returned it to the box; the siren asked about the prince's luxurious wedding with M.; then the young people went to the prince's homeland; having arrived at the king's city, the prince insisted on going alone at first; M. ordered him not to eat anything; but he gave in to her persuasion and ate the biscuits (Pfefferkorn); he immediately forgot M. and everything that was with him; they decided to marry the prince to a neighboring princess; during the wedding feast, M., as a servant, entered and released two doves; the dove three times tells the dove that he will forget her, just as the prince forgot M.; the prince remembered everything, embraced M. and called her his only bride]; Danes[Eve was washing her children; suddenly the Lord came; in fright Eve hid those she had not yet washed; the Lord asked if she had shown him all her children; Eve: all; the Lord: let what is hidden from my eyes also be hidden from men; the hidden children disappeared and were found inside the hills; from them come the underground dwellers]: Thorpe 1851: 115-116 (=Dähnhardt 1907: 247); Norwegians [a man went to his bride and on the way heard laughter and songs from under the surface of the hill; he said: in vain do you rejoice, for there is no salvation for you; sooner will my staff blossom; weeping was heard from under the earth; when the man was leaving his bride, he saw that flowers and leaves had appeared on his staff; he told the underground people about this; they began to rejoice again]: Christiansen 1964, no. 37: 88-89; Eastern Sami (Inari) [dwarfs about 45 cm tall live underground in the hills; own gold, silver, and herds of reindeer; sometimes they and their reindeer come to the surface; if you find yourself in the midst of a herd and throw a stone, all the reindeer closer to where the stone falls will go to the thrower]: Koskimies, Itkonen 2019: 97-100; Eastern Sami (apparently Inari; border of Finland and Norway) [synopsis of ideas about underground dwarfs based on 19th-20th century sources; these are the hidden children of Adam and Eve; rich and beautiful; they bring people to them underground; but they must not eat their food; they switch children; they marry people; an earthly midwife delivers them; they can demand that people move a building to another location; they make people wander through the forest; they are friendly; cannot stand the smell of sweat; to see - to misfortune and death]: Enges 1999: 227-228; Finns [little underground people (maahiset) are the children of Adam and Eve, whom Eve hid from God]: Jauhiainen 1998, No. M301: 271; Livs [children were playing on the dunes, sliding down the sand; a little woman appeared and became angry why they were breaking her castle; explained that she was under the sand; that she had a lot of people; when the children moved away, they saw how a lot of little people came out from under the sand, and they began to bathe in the sea]: Loorits 1998(1): 85.

Volga – Perm. Komi : Limerov 2005, No. 33 [before the Permians, the wild Chuchkars lived on the Cherdyn land; they were born in the earth, lived in the earth for a long time together with moles; prayed to a demon named Kul], 34 [formerly there lived a small Chud people; their grain had joints, from each joint ears of grain diverged; they reaped like this: they pierced the lower joint with an awl, tied the sheaf with a rope, dragged it along the ground; instead of sacks they had stockings-boots], 36 [the Chud lived in small houses, similar to stoves in baths; they would make a hole in the ice, mix the oatmeal in it; when a large crowd arrived, the Chud hid in the baths, threw stones, brands from the stove], 36 [the Chud were such savages that they mowed hay with chisels], 37 [the Chud were like gypsies, they ride, lie down for the night, turn the shafts at night - ride back; they pounded oatmeal in an ice hole; they gorged themselves, slept, drank again; they did not have an axe, they chopped with a chaff cutter; in the summer they ate grass, and in the winter I know not what], 38 [the Chud were a smart people, and the Chuds were a small people; they lived in the forest, planted grain on wastelands, reaped it with awls], 44 [there lived a small people the size of a child; they ploughed with a plough the size of a spoon, a horse was the size of a sheep; their land was good, the ear of grain began from the roots; one was reaping barley, got tired, began to swear, let Chomor reap; Ch. asks what kind of barley is needed - about a finger long; Ch. cut it all off, leaving only an ear at the tip], 43 [the small people, the Chudians, did not sow, the rye grew by itself; the ear was from bottom to top, they reaped with an awl; Yen threw a sickle to the ground for them; one stuck his head under it, another pulled, the head was cut off; the Chudians rushed to run, some became water kuhl, others forest kuhl, others hid under logs, became lizards], 44 [the Chudians saw a sickle stuck into the ground with its hump up; one climbed to examine it, the sickle fell, cut off the Chudian's head; evil spirits, various reptiles gushed out of the body, the last to come out was a man], 45 [the Chudians did not know how to reap grain, they tore it; one brought a sickle, the others got scared, decided to drown the sickle in the river, the sickle got caught on the edge of the boat, turned it over, drowned it], 46 [the Chuds were tearing up bread by the roots with their hands, someone brought them a sickle, they threw it into the water, the sickle got caught on the boat, drowned it], 47 [12 Chuds were sheltered from the rain under the cap of a mushroom; they did not sow rye, it grew by itself, they reaped it with an awl, threshed it with a rolling pin and a spindle, instead of sacks they had bootlegs (stockings); they would collect rye in a bootleg, lift it up to a garden bed, a mouse would run by, drop it, the Chuds would collect the suspenders to lift it back up; they found a sickle, got scared, dragged them to drown, swam in bast shoes, the sickle got caught on a bast shoe, everyone drowned], 49 [the Chud lived underground in log cabins, ate meat and fish; when they began to convert to Christianity, they began to destroy themselves, bury themselves alive; they slept in the bathhouse, in barns; their loom was without a back beam - they drove bushings into the wall, ran from corner to corner]: 40-41, 41, 41, 41, 42, 44, 46, 46, 47, 47, 48, 49.

Western Siberia. Nenets [ Sikhirtya ( sirtya , siirtya ) – small light-eyed (white-eyed) people living in sandy hills (the uppermost of the seven underground layers); they herd ‘earth reindeer’ (mammoths), ride dogs, sew clothes with dog sinews, and are known as blacksmiths-koduns; they used to live on the land and hunt wild reindeer, but by the will of the Ң a their tents turned into sandy hills; the entrance to a dwelling in the village is a ‘horn’ (tusk) of a mammoth sticking out of the ground]: Golovnev 2004: 321-322.